副詞子句

副詞子句

（一） 在句子裡，相當副詞作用的子句，稱為「副詞子句」。
英文的思考習慣，是把所有表示原因、方法、手段、假設、目的、讓步，
以副詞來表示，通常不放在主要子句中，而習慣上放在句子的前面或最後

（二） 引導「副詞子句」的連接詞有：wh~, how, whenever, while, as, since, till, until, after, as long as, as often as, as soon as, the moment that, no sooner …..than, by the time, any time, wherever, if, unless, in case, provided that, suppose that, on condition that, so that, once, because, now that, so that, though, although, even if, even though, whether等。

（三） 依其表達功能，有下例九種：
(1) 時間：i) when, while, as, after, before, till, until, since
ii) as long as, as soon as, by the time, every time, the first time
iii) the moment, the instant, the minute, hardly ( scarcely)—when ( before), no sooner --- than

iiii) now ( that) , once, whenever, immediately, directly

I was working when you telephoned.

Since 1973 , the price has risen very little.

I have been wearing glassed , since I was nine.

Mary saw Bill when he passed by the window.

John was not shocked until he saw the sick child.

No sooner had he graduated from the colleague than he found a job in an export company.

Hardly had he completed his work when he went home.

(2) 地方：where, wherever, whence, whither

Where there is a will, there is a way.
Mary followed Tom wherever he went.
Helen was told to stay where she was.

Don't ask me whence I came.﹝不要問我從哪裡來。﹞

A rudder guides the ship whither it wills.
﹝指導員引導船往它要到的地方去。﹞



(3) 狀態： (Adverb Clause of Manner)

i) as, as if, as though
ii) so that, such that, in such a way… that,
iii) in that

Do as I have told you.
David did his work as he was told.
Paul ran as if a mad dog was chasing him.

In some cities of the United States, schools are such
dangerous places that students carry knives and guns
to class.

In some cities of the United States, schools are so
dangerous that students carry knives and guns
to class.



(4) 原因或理由： i) because, since, as, for
ii)seeing that, being that, now that
iii) in that


As it was very cold, I did not go out.

Kevin failed in the examination because he was too lazy.

Since Samuel was still a boy, he was not admitted.


John is absent today because he is sick.
= John is absent today in that he is sick.

※ 依表示理由或原因的強度比較：because → since → as → for


(5) 目的： i) so… that, so that, lest, in order that
ii)lest.. should, in case, .. should, for fear that

He works hard so that he may succeed.
We eat so that we may live.
Don’t go near the pier lest you should fall into the water.

Hide it lest he see [【英】should see] it.


(6) 讓步： i) though, although, even if, even though
ii) whether … or not,
iii) no matter how (who, what , whether)
iiii) whatever, however, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever

Though he is poor, he is honest.
Though Jimmy is young, he is an able executive.
No matter what you say, I will sue him for damages.


(7) 比較：i) as.. as, not so.. as
ii) more ( less )… than
iii) the more ( or .. er), the more ( or..er)

He is as tall as I am.
James works harder than George does.
The more money he has, the more he wants.

(8) 條件： i) if, unless, in case, so long as, on condition that
ii) Supposing ( granting, assuming) that, provided ( granted) that

If you don’t work hard, you will fail.
I shall come if Linda also comes.
The match will be played tomorrow if it stops raining now.

(9) 結果：so--- that, such—that, so that, so

He worked so hard that he succeeded.
He ran so quickly that Alice could not catch up.
Rose sang with such a beautiful voice that the audience was completely absorbed in the music.


(10) 限制: Adverb Clause of Restriction

i) as far as, so far as
ii) in that

I'll help you as far as I can. 我將盡我所能幫助你。

So far as ability is concerned, he is inferior to his brother.
就能力而言, 他劣於它的兄弟.

Latin differs from other languages in that it is not spoken.
拉丁語異於其他語言 沒有被談及

The commutation of a criminal’s sentence differs from a pardon in that it reduces the terms of punishment rather than excuses the criminal completely.

[ ] 減刑 sentence 宣判;課刑 pardon 特赦
criminal adj.犯罪的 n. 罪犯[C]

副詞子句與逗點的關係

1) 副詞子句在前面時, 子句後面有逗點

Even when binoculars are used to observe Saturn, the planet’s moons are invisible.

[ ] 雙筒望遠鏡 moon (行星的)衛星


2) 副詞子句在主詞與動詞之中, 是 插入法時, 前後各有一個逗點

The gorilla, while not as curious as the chimpanzee, shows more
Persistence and memory retention in solving a problem.

1. Chimpanzee 非洲黑猩猩 [ ] , gorilla 大猩猩
2. [ ]堅持;固執 3. [ ]保留;保持, 記憶力
3) 副詞子句在後時, 有時有逗點, 有時沒有
Bronze does not bend with use or grow brittle quickly, as copper does.
[ ]青銅[U] copper 銅[U] [ ]易碎的;易損壞的

The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.

4) so that, such that , as…. As, more (…er ) …. than,
in order that , in that 都在中間, 與主句之間無逗點
Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
Rubber can be made so elastic that it will stretch more than nine times its normal length.
[ ] 有彈性的


副詞子句的省略 Elliptical Adverb Clause [ l]
大部分的副詞子句不能省略, 只有 表比較的副詞子句 及其他副詞子句可以省略.

A) 表比較的副詞子句

A-1 less , more + ( adj, adv or participial) ….+ than

省略方式: i) + 主詞( 省去動詞)
ii) + 主詞+ be ( do, does, did, 助動詞 )
iii) + ( 省去主詞 & 動詞)
iiii)+ 倒裝句

Donna was elected to be the board when he was 24 years old.
= Donna was elected to be the board when 24 years old.


A-2 as + ( adj, adv or participial) + as

省略方式: i) + 主詞( 省去動詞)
ii) + 主詞+ be ( do, does, did, 助動詞 )
iii) + ( 省去主詞 & 動詞)
iiii)+ 倒裝句



We can provide you with as many reference books as needed.

= We can provide you with as many reference books as they are needed.

A-3 The more ( less ) + 主詞 或 The adj ( adv) + er, BE 動詞可省略

The higher the animal in the evolutionary chain, the more it can learn and the less it depends on instinct.

= The higher the animal is evolutionary chain, the…


B ) 其他副詞子句的省略, 省去的一定是 Be 動詞, 而省去的主詞必等於
主句的主詞

While traveling in arctic regions, the Aleut construct igloos as temporary winter shelters. = While they are traveling in arctic regions, ….


Football and baseball as played in the United States today are basically modifications of games that originated in England.

= Football and baseball as they are played in ….





EXERCISE:


.1. You should say goodbye to your brother ________________ you leave for Europe. (A) before ( B) since

2. ________________ my father has high blood pressure, he has to watch what he eats. (A) Before (B) Since

3 You should keep the milk in the refrigerator, __________________ it doesn't go bad. ( A) since ( B) so that


4 更 正以下的 Incomplete sentence

Although Nina wrote stories and poems as a child since her first real successes did not come until she was twenty-three.


提示: Although + S + V = adverb clause
Since + S + V = adverb clause, 改為 main clause
Until + S + V = adverb clause















********************


Complete each adverb clause below with the correct word(s):


1. __________________ he always did well on his English tests, his parents were not surprised that he got an A.
When
Since

2. You should keep the milk in the refrigerator, __________________ it doesn't go bad.
since
so that

3. __________________ he thinks he's smart, he isn't.
Although
After

4. You should say goodbye to your brother ________________ you leave for Europe.
before
since

5. ________________ my father has high blood pressure, he has to watch what he eats.
Before
Since

6. ________________ I came to this country, I didn't speak a word of English!
Before
Since

7. I'll let you know ________________ I come back.
because
after

8. He doesn't understand ________________ he doesn't speak French very well.
so that
because

9. He spoke slowly ________________ she would understand.
because
so that

10. ________________ you stop crying, I'll buy you an ice cream.
If
Since


答案: 1. since 2 so that 3 although 4 before 5 since
6 before 7 after 8 because 9 so that 10 if





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Recognize an adverb clause when you see one.
An adverb clause will meet three requirements.

First, it will contain a subject and verb.
You will also find a subordinate conjunction that keeps the clause from expressing a complete thought.
Finally, you will notice that the clause answers one of these three adverb questions: How? When? or Why?
Read these examples:

Tommy scrubbed the bathroom tile until his arms ached.

How did Tommy scrub? Until his arms ached, an adverb clause.

Josephine's three cats bolted from the driveway once they saw her car turn the corner.

When did the cats bolt? Once they saw her car turn the corner, an adverb clause.

After her appointment at the orthodontist, Danielle cooked eggs for dinner because she could easily chew an omelet.

Why did Danielle cook eggs? Because she could easily chew an omelet, an adverb clause.






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Dependent clauses can function as adverbs. In this case, they are called adverb clauses. (Bet I didn't surprise you with that one.) An adverb clause is a dependent clause that describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb. As with regular old garden-variety adverbs, an adverb clause answers these questions:

Where?
Why?
When?
To what extent?
Under what condition?
In what manner?

How often?

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Here are some examples of sentences which contain one adverb clause (underlined) and one independent clause. The two sentences in each pair have the same meaning:

After he took lessons, George could swim well.
George could swim well after he took lessons.

Because he couldn't swim, Billy drowned.
Billy drowned because he couldn't swim.

Although he isn't interested in food, Fred works as a cook.
Fred works as a cook although he isn't interested in food.

If you want to write well, you must practice.
You must practice if you want to write well.




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PART I: Adverb Clauses
1. Introduction:
Examples:
When she was in Miami, she visited many friends.
She visited many friends when she was in Miami.

When she was in Miami: is an adverb clause.
She visited many friends: Independent clause.

An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. It must be
connected to an independent clause.

When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause, a
comma is used to separate the clauses.
When the adverb clause follows, usually no comma is used.
Examples:
Because she wanted to visit her friends, she went to Miami.
She went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends.

Like when, because introduces an adverb clause.

The words used to introduce adverb clauses are
called subordinating conjunction.

Time:
After, before, when, while, as by the time (that), whenever, since,
until, as soon as, once, as so long as.
Cause and effect:
Because, since, now that, as so long as, inasmuch as,
so (that), in order that.
Opposition:
Even though, although, though, whereas, while.
Condition:
If, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that),
Provided (that), in case (that), in the event (that).

2.Time relationships with adverb clauses.
Examples:
After she (had) came, she turned on the radio.
After she comes, she will turn on the radio.

Before she came, she (had) turned on the radio.
Before she comes, she will turn on the radio.

The adverb clause contains a present tense while the
independent clause contains a future time.

When he came, she was turning on the radio.
When he came, she had already turned on the radio.
When he came, she turned on the radio.
When he was out, she turned on the radio.
When he comes tomorrow, she will turn on the radio.

While she was listening to the radio, he knocked at the door.

As she was listening to the radio, he knocked at the door.

As, while = during this time.

By the time he came, she had already listened the news.
By the time he comes, she will listen the news.
By the time = one event is completed before another event.

She listens to the radio whenever he comes.
Whenever = every time when

She stayed at home until he came.
Until = till = to that time and then no longer.

She hasn listened to the radio since he came.
Since = from that time to the present.

As soon as he knocks at the door, she will turn off the radio.
Once he knocks at the door, she will turn off the radio.

As soon as = once = when one event happens, another
Event happens soon afterwards.

He won come as long as she smokes.
He will never come so long as she doesn call him.

As long as = so long as = during all that time, from beginning to end.


3.Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses.
Because:
Examples:
Because he wanted to visit his friends, he went to Miami.
He went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends.

Since:
Examples:
Since she never heard about cloning, she decided to not speak about it.

Since = because
Now that:

Now that he has a lot of money, he can afford a new computer.

Now that = because now. It is used for present and future situations.

As:

As they graduated, they were looking for jobs.

As = because
As/so long as:

As long as he works for this company, he can learn anything.

As/so long as = because
Inasmuch as (very formal):

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible, the situation becomes worse and worse.

Inasmuch as = because

Part II: Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships:
1. Such ?that and so ?that:
Such ?that encloses a modified noun:
Such + adjective +noun + that
So ?that encloses an adjective or adverb:
So + adjective + that
So + adverb + that
Examples:
Because the exam was easy, they could pass it. (1)
It was such easy exam that they could pass it. (2)
The exam was so easy that they could pass it. (3)
(1), (2) and (3) have the same meaning.

So ?that is used with many, few, much and little.
Examples:
They worked so hard that they passed the exam.
She made so many mistakes that she failed the exam.
He had so much time that he went to hike.
They have so little work to do that they share it.
He has so few books that he wants to buy some.

Sometimes in speaking, that is omitted.
The exam was so easy that I could pass it.
I had so much time that I went to hike.


2.Using n order to?
In order to = to. It is used to express purpose.
It answers the question hy?
Examples:
He went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends.
He went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends.

Don use for with a verb to express purpose. Sometimes
we use for to express purpose but with a noun.

He went to Miami for business.

3. Using: So hat:
So that = in order to
So that = in order that.
So that + can:
So that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability
is being expressed.
Examples:
He is going to make a registration in order to be able to take courses.
He is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses.

So that + could:
Could is used after so that in past sentences.
Examples:
He repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use it.
He repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it.

May and might may also be used after that, but are not as
common as can and could.

So that + will:
The use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does
something in order to make sure that something else is
the result.
Examples:
She fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run
out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desert.
She fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz
during her trip across The Nevada desert.

So that would:
Would is used in past tense.
Examples:
Last week, he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure
that it would be ready by eleven.

Last week, he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would
be ready by eleven.

4.Using: ecause of?and ue to?
Examples:
Because she was sick, she didn come to attend the speech.
Because of her sickness, she didn come to attend the speech.
Due to her sickness, she didn come to attend the speech.

Because is an adverb. It introduces an adverb clause. It is followed by
a subject and verb.
Because of and due to are prepositions. They are followed by a
noun object.

Sometimes, usually, in more formal writing, due to is followed by a
noun clause introduced by the fact that.

Due to the fact that she was sick, she didn come to attend
the speech.

5. Using herefore?
Examples:
He passed his exams because he worked very hard.

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard. Therefore, he passed his exams.
He worked very hard. He, therefore, he passed his exams.
He worked very hard. He passed his exams, therefore.

A semicolon may be used instead a period:
He worked very hard; therefore, he passed his exams.

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning
as therefore:

He worked very hard. Consequently, he passed his exams.

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair. It
shows the relationship of the second idea to the first idea.
A transition is movable within the second sentence.


6. Punctuations:
Adverb clause:
Examples:
Because she was sick, she didn come to attend the speech.
She didn come to attend the speech because she was sick.

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clause.
A comma is used if the adverb clause comes first.

Preposition:

Because of her sickness, she didn come to attend the speech.

She didn come to attend the speech because of her sickness.

A preposition is followed by a noun, not by a subject and verb.

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phrase
precedes the subject and verb of the independent clause.


Conjunction:
She was sick, so she didn come to attend the speech.

A conjunction comes between two independent clauses.
Usually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction.

Transition:
He worked very hard. (;) Therefore, he passed his exams.
He worked very hard. (;) He, therefore, he passed his exams.
He worked very hard. (;) He passed his exams, therefore.

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the
two dependent clauses. A comma may not be used to separate the clauses.
Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence.

PART III: Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases
1.Changing time clauses to modifying phrases:

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases. The way is
the same as changing adjective clauses:

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of the
dependant clause:

Adverb clause:
While she was going home, she runs into a friend.

Modifying phrase:
While going home, she runs into a friend.

If there is no be form of a verb, omit the subject and change the verb to -ing:

Adverb clause: Before he came, he called us.
Modifying phrase: Before coming, he called us.

While he was reading a book, she knocks at the door.
This adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clause
because the two clauses have different subjects.

While Frank was reading, he felt very upset.
While reading, Frank felt very upset.

When Safia was arrived at home, she began to call on her daughter.
When arrived at home, Safia began to call on her daughter.

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase, the noun in
the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause.


2. Expressing the idea of uring the same time?in modifying phrases:
Examples:
While he was reading, he felt very upset.
While reading, he felt very upset.
Reading, he felt very upset.
Going home, she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk.

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the
sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3. Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases:

Because is not used in a modifying phrase. It is omitted, but
the resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship.

Because he worked, he didn come to attend the speech.
Working, he didn come to attend the speech.

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the
meaning of ecause?

Because she has moved, she doesn remember the way to the market.
Having moved, she doesn remember the way to the market.

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because, but
also of before.

Because he was unable to afford the truth, he lied a lot.
Being unable to afford the truth, he lied a lot.
Unable to afford the truth, he lied a lot.

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being. The
use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear.